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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a wealthy female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.

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A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may further moult to become soldiers alates.

Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.

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Depending on species, male and female workers may have different roles in a termite colony.63.

The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble little adults, and undergo a series of moults as they develop.

The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but employees also take part in the social life of the colony and have certain other activities to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including why not try here oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower degrees of harm seem to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform they excavate a chamber large enough for both, shut up the entrance and proceed to partner.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.

For instance, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while some emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with plenty of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.

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The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early phases of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At adulthood, a main queen has a great capability to lay eggs. In certain species, next the adult queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs per day.72 The two adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times more than before mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant employees provide assistance. .

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The king grows only slightly larger after initial mating and continues to partner with the queen for life (a termite queen can survive between 30 to 50 years); this is very different from ant colonies, in that a queen teammates once together with the male(s) and stores the gametes for lifetime, as the male ants die shortly after mating.6267 When a queen is absent, a useful site termite king generates pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not happen.75.

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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates form a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only mature into main reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated from the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a dead principal reproductive, and there can also be more than just a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the ability to change from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.

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